– discuss], In the oriental parts of the continent, the Russian Tsardom, and ultimately the Empire (1547–1917), declared Moscow to be Third Rome and inheritor of the Eastern tradition after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. [319], The majority of media in the European Union are national-oriented, although some EU-wide media focusing on European affairs have emerged since the early 1990s, such as Euronews, Eurosport, EUobserver, EURACTIV or Politico Europe. See Craig and de Búrca, p. 115. In 2006, the EU-27 had a gross inland energy consumption of 1,825 million tonnes of oil equivalent (toe). [158] "Rural development, environment and fisheries" takes up around 11%. [311] The interpretation and the application of EU law and the treaties are ensured by the Court of Justice of the European Union. [16] A monetary union was established in 1999, coming into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency. Pan-European political thought truly emerged during the 19th century, inspired by the liberal ideas of the French and American Revolutions after the demise of Napoléon's Empire (1804–1815). In 1990, after the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the former East Germany became part of the Communities as part of a reunified Germany.[69]. The following timeline outlines the legal inception of the European Union (EU)—the principal framework for this unification. The difference between the richest and poorest regions (281 NUTS-2 regions of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) ranged, in 2017, from 31% (Severozapaden, Bulgaria) of the EU28 average (€30,000) to 253% (Luxembourg), or from €4,600 to €92,600. In 1929, the latter gave a speech in favour of a European Union before the assembly of the League of Nations, precursor of the United Nations. Constitutionally, the EU bears some resemblance to both a confederation and a federation,[137][138] but has not formally defined itself as either. [213] Frontex is an agency of the EU established to manage the cooperation between national border guards securing its external borders. In 2007, Bulgaria and Romania became EU members. The aim of this financial control system is to ensure the economic stability of the EU.[249]. [h][102] English is the most widely spoken language in the EU, being understood by 51% of the EU population when counting both native and non-native speakers. Since 2019 there is a European Commissioner for Equality; a European Institute for Gender Equality has existed since 2007. Of these, 31.4 million (6.3%) were born outside the EU and 16.0 million (3.2%) were born in another EU member state. Due to its global influence, the European Union has been described by some scholars as an emerging superpower.[24][25][26]. Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members. Tasks for the President of the European Council are ensuring the external representation of the EU,[144] driving consensus and resolving divergences among member states, both during meetings of the European Council and over the periods between them. They are most often used in competition law, or on rulings on State Aid, but are also frequently used for procedural or administrative matters within the institutions. The currency union represents 342 million EU citizens. Language policy", "Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive Summary)", "Many tongues, one family. [118] The countries where the fewest people reported a religious belief were Estonia (16%) and the Czech Republic (19%). Its powers are limited in areas where member states' view sovereignty to be of primary concern (i.e. [71] In 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU. [97][98], Due to the high number of official languages, most of the institutions use only a handful of working languages. the role of the EU in securing the ratification and coming into force of the Kyoto Protocol despite opposition from the United States. There is a significant variation in Nominal GDP per capita within individual EU states. The European Union has seven principal decision-making bodies, its institutions: the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank and the European Court of Auditors. Institute for European Environmental Policy (2012) Manual of European Environmental Policy, Earthscan, London. These programmes are designed to encourage a wider knowledge of other countries and to spread good practices in the education and training fields across the EU. [274] EU law has played a significant role in improving habitat and species protection in Europe, as well as contributing to improvements in air and water quality and waste management.[275]. [216] The 'geographic' instruments provide aid through the Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI, €16.9 billion, 2007–2013), which must spend 95% of its budget on official development assistance (ODA), and from the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI), which contains some relevant programmes. CETA, the new trade agreement between the European Union and Canada, entered into force provisionally on 21 September 2017. In 1957, when the EEC was founded, it had no environmental policy. The eurozone (constituted by the EU member states which have adopted the euro) has since grown to 19 countries. Article 256(1) (ex article 225(1)) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on. In 2009, the EU had an estimated Muslim population of 13 million,[115] and an estimated Jewish population of over a million. Other key global agreements are the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (United Nations, 2015). In 2002, euro banknotes and coins replaced national currencies in 12 of the member states. [307], The flag used is the Flag of Europe, which consists of a circle of 12 golden stars on a blue background. In Focus . [45] The term United States of Europe (French: États-Unis d'Europe) was used at that time by Victor Hugo (1802–1885) during a speech at the International Peace Congress held in Paris in 1849: A day will come when all nations on our continent will form a European brotherhood ... A day will come when we shall see ... the United States of America and the United States of Europe face to face, reaching out for each other across the seas. [105] Catalan, Galician and Basque are not recognised official languages of the European Union but have semi-official status in one member state (Spain): therefore, official translations of the treaties are made into them and citizens have the right to correspond with the institutions in these languages. The budget may still be approved if Hungary and Poland withdraw their vetos after further negotiations in the Council and the European Council. United in Diversity was adopted as the motto of the Union in the year 2000, having been selected from proposals submitted by school pupils. [250] Around 46% of the energy consumed was produced within the member states while 54% was imported. The creation of a European single currency became an official objective of the European Economic Community in 1969. The EU uses foreign relations instruments like the European Neighbourhood Policy which seeks to tie those countries to the east and south of the European territory of the EU to the Union. Two territories have left the Union: Greenland (an autonomous province of Denmark) withdrew in 1985;[122] the United Kingdom formally invoked Article 50 of the Consolidated Treaty on European Union in 2017, and became the only sovereign state to leave when it withdrew from the EU in 2020. The states wanting to participate had first to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. [158] The "EU as a global partner" and "citizenship, freedom, security and justice" bring up the rear with approximately 6% and 1% respectively.[158]. [304], The Treaty of Lisbon requires any application of economic rules to take into account the specific nature of sport and its structures based on voluntary activity. [241], Two of the original core objectives of the European Economic Community were the development of a common market, subsequently becoming a single market, and a customs union between its member states. Traductions en contexte de "Union Européenne" en français-espagnol avec Reverso Context : union européenne élargie, de l'union européenne, entrer dans l'union européenne, adhésion à l'union européenne, hors union européenne The Article 17 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union[112] recognises the "status under national law of churches and religious associations" as well as that of "philosophical and non-confessional organisations". In its first 20 years, it supported international exchange opportunities for well over 1.5 million university and college students and became a symbol of European student life.[284]. The Lisbon Treaty further strengthened the leadership ambitions. Regulations become law in all member states the moment they come into force, without the requirement for any implementing measures,[v] and automatically override conflicting domestic provisions. Until the 1990s, the policy accounted for over 60% of the then European Community's annual budget, and as of 2013[update] accounts for around 34%. [278] The EU has adopted an emissions trading system to incorporate carbon emissions into the economy. The only institution empowered to propose legislation, serves as the "Guardian of the Treaties". [58], The EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC and they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The aims of EU policy in this area are to co-ordinate and stimulate research. On 26 February 2016 it was made public that Cyprus has asked to make Turkish an official EU language, in a "gesture" that could help solve the division of the country. Check out variant for Union Européenne abbreviation in Droit. EPC was renamed as the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) by the Maastricht Treaty. The EU opposes the death penalty and has proposed its worldwide abolition. CZ - Czech Republic 6. Later that year, Slovenia adopted the euro,[72] followed by Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011, Latvia in 2014, and Lithuania in 2015. Related acronyms and abbreviations. [183] Any EU citizen or entity may appeal to the ombudsman to investigate an EU institution on the grounds of maladministration (administrative irregularities, unfairness, discrimination, abuse of power, failure to reply, refusal of information or unnecessary delay). [116] The other world religions of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism are also represented in the EU population. Its role was recognized in three major UN summits on sustainable development: the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, South Africa; and the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) in Rio de Janeiro. Countries accede to the union by becoming party to the founding treaties, thereby subjecting themselves to the privileges and obligations of EU membership. [53] In a speech delivered on 19 September 1946 at the University of Zürich, Switzerland, Winston Churchill went further and advocated the emergence of a United States of Europe. [320][321] ARTE is a public Franco-German TV network that promotes programming in the areas of culture and the arts. Christians in the European Union are divided among members of Catholicism (both Roman and Eastern Rite), numerous Protestant denominations (Anglicans, Lutherans, and Reformed forming the bulk of this category), and the Eastern Orthodox Church. merken in "Meine Apps" UNION EUROPEENNE : Les états 41 (from 10 to 50) based on 14 ratings. Galileo is a proposed Satellite navigation system, to be built by the EU and launched by the European Space Agency (ESA). 21–26. À une époque où parler d’Europe se résume à pointer du doigt ce qui ne fonctionne pas ou ce qui n’existe pas, il est important de montrer que la construction européenne n’est pas … In 1960, the budget of the then European Economic Community was 0.03% of GDP. ), the Flemish Diamond (Antwerp, Brussels, Leuven, Ghent et al.) [201], Switzerland was called to vote on whether to end the agreement with European Union on the free movement of people, in September 2020. EU policy is in general promulgated by EU directives, which are then implemented in the domestic legislation of its member states, and EU regulations, which are immediately enforceable in all member states. The EU is active in a wide range of topics, from human rights to transport and trade. Only four languages, namely Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian (all three Uralic), and Maltese (Semitic), are not Indo-European languages. Here's the most common abbreviation. The European Commission's Directorate-General for Health and Consumers seeks to align national laws on the protection of people's health, on the consumers' rights, on the safety of food and other products. and Upper Silesian area (Katowice, Ostrava et al.). It provides support for the development, promotion and distribution of European works within Europe and beyond. The European Court of Auditors has signed off the European Union accounts every year since 2007 and, while making it clear that the European Commission has more work to do, has highlighted that most of the errors take place at national level. [108], Besides the 24 official languages, there are about 150 regional and minority languages, spoken by up to 50 million people. Each country has a set number of seats and is divided into sub-national constituencies where this does not affect the proportional nature of the voting system. [s] Previously, the EU itself could not accede to the convention as it is neither a state[t] nor had the competence to accede. Entdecken Sie "Politiques de l'Union européenne" von Dominique Berlin und finden Sie Ihren Buchhändler. (It does not have a formal constitution: its status is defined by the Treaty of European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union). 1. Web. Important documents, such as legislation, are translated into every official language and the European Parliament provides translation for documents and plenary sessions. In 1979, the first direct elections to the European Parliament were held.[65]. Since then, the eurozone has increased to encompass 19 countries. [263], Since the beginning of the 1990s, the CAP has been subject to a series of reforms. TACIS has now become part of the worldwide EuropeAid programme. Please enable it to continue. is a 2006 Russian thriller/detective TV-miniseries. consilium.europa.eu. Its members have a combined area of 4,233,255.3 km 2 (1,634,469.0 sq mi) and an estimated total population of about 447 million. [125][126] The relationships of the European microstates, Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City include the use of the euro and other areas of co-operation.[127]. They are legal acts which only apply to specified individuals, companies or a particular member state. Financing European development cooperation: the Financial Perspectives 2014–2020. DE - Germany 7. [204] 21 EU members are members of NATO[205] while the remaining member states follow policies of neutrality. These are areas in which member states have renounced any capacity to enact legislation. The bull is, for its part, depicted on all residence permit cards. Lobbying at EU level by special interest groups is regulated to try to balance the aspirations of private initiatives with public interest decision-making process.[141]. [83] For comparison, the EU-28 birth rate had stood at 10.6 in 2000, 12.8 in 1985 and 16.3 in 1970.

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