Gallimard. Il existe des services actifs de navigation commerciale de Crémone à la mer (292 kilomètres). Its use has been phased out in many newer aircraft. [57], On 21 June 2009, Belgium became the first country in the world to ban: "inert ammunition and armour that contains depleted uranium or any other industrially manufactured uranium. … Although chemical toxicity is low, there may be localised radiation damage of the lung leading to cancer." Because of its high density, depleted uranium can also be used in tank armor, sandwiched between sheets of steel armor plate. [25], Like any other uranium compound, it is radioactive, and precautions should be taken. Furthermore, female Gulf War veterans were almost three times more likely to report children with birth defects than their non-Gulf counterparts. Submitted files will be added to or removed from antimalware definitions based on the analysis results. One person died; while a few workers with higher exposure experienced short-term kidney damage (e.g., protein in the urine), none of them showed lasting damage from the exposure to uranium. Veterans of the conflicts in the Persian Gulf, Bosnia and Kosovo have been found to have up to 14 times the usual level of chromosome abnormalities in their genes. [88] In early 2004, the UK Pensions Appeal Tribunal Service attributed birth defect claims from a February 1991 Gulf War combat veteran to depleted uranium poisoning. A quick release source of potassium, Sul-Po-Mag … Le fleuve fut parcouru dans les deux sens par des embarcations de plus en plus nombreuses et importantes en dimension. Le Rhône prend sa source dans le massif du Saint-Gothard, dans les Alpes. Studies by the U.S. Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute conclude that moderate exposures to either depleted uranium or uranium present a significant toxicological threat. Entre sa source et le lac, le Rhône reçoit les eaux d'environ 200 torrents. Fifty others were injured, many of them seriously. Soldiers? C. Busby and S. Morgan (2006). Contains 22% soluble potash, 22% sulfur and 11% magnesium. Au début du XVIIe siècle, les doges, inquiets de l'ensablement de leur lagune, firent dévier le cours du Pô vers le sud-est. The Po is the longest river in Italy. [127][128] Looking at the risk of children of UK Gulf War veterans suffering genetic diseases such as congenital malformations, commonly called "birth defects", one study found that the overall risk of any malformation was 50% higher in Gulf War veterans as compared to other veterans. [165] Chemical effects, including potential reproductive issues, associated with depleted uranium exposure were discussed in some detail in a subsequent journal paper. DU penetrator from the A-10 30mm round", "UN Environment Programme Confirms Uranium 236 found in depleted uranium penetrators", "Depleted Uranium: A By-product of the Nuclear Chain", "NATO: 50 Countries See No Depleted Uranium Illness", "Is an Armament Sickening U.S. ", "NATO Press Conference on Depleted Uranium", Military medical aspects of depleted uranium munitions, An Analysis of Uranium Dispersal and Health Effects Using a Gulf War Case Study, "Under the radar: identifying third-generation uranium weapons", "Metal Contamination and the Epidemic of Congenital Birth Defects in Iraqi Cities", "Toxicological assessments of Gulf War veterans", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, "Gulf war symptoms do not constitute a syndrome", "Clinical findings for the first 1000 Gulf war veterans in the Ministry of Defence's medical assessment programme", "Depleted and natural uranium: chemistry and toxicological effects", "Biological Monitoring for Depleted Uranium Exposure in U.S. Veterans", "Miscarriage, stillbirth and congenital malformation in the offspring of UK veterans of the first Gulf war", "Screening for depleted uranium in the United Kingdom armed forces: who wants it and why? Enrichment processes generate uranium with a higher-than-natural concentration of lower-mass-number uranium isotopes (in particular U-235, which is the uranium isotope supporting the fission chain reaction) with the bulk of the feed ending up as depleted uranium, in some cases with mass fractions of U-235 and U-234 less than a third of those in natural uranium. ", "What happens if a cylinder of uranium hexafluoride leaks? Depleted uranium has a very high density and is primarily used as shielding material for other radioactive material, and as ballast. The primary radiation danger from pure depleted uranium is due to alpha particles, which do not travel far through air, and do not penetrate clothing. [59] In April 2009, the Belgian Senate voted unanimously to restrict investments by Belgian banks into the manufacturers of depleted uranium weapons. [3], DU used in US munitions has 60% of the radioactivity of natural uranium. [169], There have been several accidents involving uranium hexafluoride in the United States. [2] Natural uranium contains about 0.72% U-235, while the DU used by the U.S. Department of Defense contains 0.3% U-235 or less. In 1999, concentrations of 10% depleted uranium were being used in "jaune no.17" a yellow enamel powder that was being produced in France by Cristallerie de Saint-Paul, a manufacturer of enamel pigments. [47], A number of anti-war activists specializing in international humanitarian law have questioned the legality of the continued use of depleted uranium weapons, highlighting that the effects may breach the principle of distinction (between civilians and military personnel). [103] Violently burning uranium droplets produce a gaseous vapor comprising about half of the uranium in their original mass. [89][90] Also, a 2005 epidemiology review concluded: "In aggregate the human epidemiological evidence is consistent with increased risk of birth defects in offspring of persons exposed to DU. As early as 1997, British Army doctors warned the Ministry of Defence that exposure to depleted uranium increased the risk of developing lung, lymph and brain cancer, and recommended a series of safety precautions. Three main pathways exist by which internalization of uranium may occur: inhalation, ingestion, and embedded fragments or shrapnel contamination. [36] 782,414 DU rounds were fired during the 1991 war in Iraq, mostly by US forces. In February 2000, Cogema discontinued the sale of depleted uranium to producers of enamel and glass. Confusingly, Moszynski 2003 reports that "testing is now available to all troops that served in Iraq", and does not say if this is testing à la Mould. Yeung Sik Yuen writes in Paragraph 133 under the title "Legal compliance of weapons containing DU as a new weapon": Annex II to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material 1980 (which became operative on 8 February 1997) classifies DU as a category II nuclear material. [155] Also, film material taken during the top-soil removal show radiation warning signs. [31] When a DU penetrator reaches the interior of an armored vehicle, it catches fire, often igniting ammunition and fuel, killing the crew and possibly causing the vehicle to explode. [88] The same year, a cohort study of Gulf War veterans found no elevated risks of cancer generally, nor of any specific cancers in particular, though recommended follow up studies.[112]. Dans plusieurs langues européennes, surtout slaves (tchèque, slovaque, polonais, slovène, serbe, croate) et aussi en roumain, le fleuve est encore aujourd'hui appelé Pad. John du Pont was born on November 22, 1938, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the youngest of four children of William du Pont, Jr. and Jean Liseter Austin (1897–1988). Most depleted uranium arises as a by-product of the production of enriched uranium for use as fuel in nuclear reactors and in the manufacture of nuclear weapons. [109] The author of the reply, a radiation scientist, went on to suggest a method that had been used several times before, including after the 1986 Chernobyl accident. Pô \po\ masculin 1. Natural uranium contains about 0.72% U-235, while the DU used by the U.S. Department of Defense contains 0.3% U-235 or less. Uranium slowly accumulates in several organs, such as the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Yet, Pekka Haavisto, chairman of the UNEP DU projects stated, "The findings of this study stress again the importance of appropriate clean-up and civil protection measures in a post-conflict situation. For example, producing 1 kg of 5% enriched uranium requires 11.8 kg of natural uranium, and leaves about 10.8 kg of depleted uranium having only 0.3% U-235. "[162] Pier Roberto Danesi, then-director of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Seibersdorf +Laboratory, stated in 2002 that "There is a consensus now that DU does not represent a health threat". The study concluded that there was no evidence to link depleted uranium (used as counterbalance weights on the elevators of the plane) to any of the reported health complaints. The legality or illegality of DU weapons must therefore be tested by recourse to the general rules governing the use of weapons under humanitarian and human rights law which have already been analysed in Part I of this paper, and more particularly at paragraph 35 which states that parties to Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 have an obligation to ascertain that new weapons do not violate the laws and customs of war or any other international law. [64], In December 2012, 155 states supported a United Nations' General Assembly resolution that recalled that, because of the ongoing uncertainties over the long-term environmental impacts of depleted uranium identified by the United Nations Environment Programme, states should adopt a precautionary approach to its use. [151], Depleted uranium has been named as a possible contributing factor to a high incidence of birth defects and cancer near the Salto di Quirra weapons testing range on the Italian island of Sardinia. There is a developing scientific debate and concern expressed regarding the impact of the use of such projectiles and it is possible that, in future, there will be a consensus view in international legal circles that use of such projectiles violate general principles of the law applicable to use of weapons in armed conflict. [109] Despite the widespread use of DU in the Iraq War, at least a year after the conflict began, testing for UK troops was still only in the discussion phase. It is possible to design civilian power-generating reactors using unenriched fuel, but only about 10%[14] of those ever built (such as the CANDU reactor) use that technology. - DER SPIEGEL - Politik", "Flugzeugabsturz in Remscheid 1988: Der Schock sitzt immer noch tief", Depleted Uranium, A Case Study of Good and Evil, "Depleted Uranium – A Health, Environmental or Societal Issue? Selon une autre hypothèse, il proviendrait du mot celto-ligure pades, mot désignant une résine d'une variété de pin sauvage abondant à sa source. [29], Depleted uranium is very dense; at 19,050 kg/m³, it is 1.67 times as dense as lead, only slightly less dense than tungsten and gold, and 84% as dense as osmium or iridium, which are the densest known substances under standard (i.e., Earth-surface) pressures. Polonium has been found in groundwater sources in varying amounts throughout the world. — (Emmanuel Todd, Le Fou et le Prolétaire, 1979, réédition revue et augmenté… Liste des affluents et sous-affluents du Pô, Liste de fleuves dans le monde classés par continents, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pô&oldid=176615974, Accessibilité : Graphique timeline sans alternative, Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité, Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la géographie, Portail:Lacs et cours d'eau/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. [21] Quantities are so small that they are considered to be not of serious radiological significance (even) by ECRR. The Working Group study he mentions is RSDUWG 2002b, which is a summary of the second part of the Working Group's look at the health effects of DU: Part 1: RSDUWG 2001; Part 2: RSDUWG 2002a. C'est un élément névralgique de l'économie italienne qui représente 40 % du PIB du pays, 37 % de l'industrie, 46 % des emplois, 55 % des productions animales, 35 % de la production agricole, et 48 % de la consommation d'électricité. [43] They listed weapons of mass destruction, or weapons with indiscriminate effect, or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering and urged all states to curb the production and the spread of such weapons. [163], The IAEA reported in 2003 that, "based on credible scientific evidence, there is no proven link between DU exposure and increases in human cancers or other significant health or environmental impacts," although "Like other heavy metals, DU is potentially poisonous. The group compares the dramatic increase, five years after wartime exposure in 2004, with the lymphoma that Italian peacekeepers[142] developed after the Balkan wars and the increased cancer risk in certain parts of Sweden because of the Chernobyl fallout. nécessaire] de Padus. The conclusions of the study show that brain damage from chronic uranium intoxication is possible at lower doses than previously thought. ", "Primer on Spontaneous Heating and Pyrophoricity", "Science or Science Fiction? [116] Nevertheless, in 1999, MEDACT petitioned for the WHO to conduct an investigation into illnesses in veterans and Iraqi civilians. ", Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, "The quantitative analysis of depleted uranium isotopes in British, Canadian, and U.S. Gulf War veterans", Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, "Incidence of cancer among UK Gulf War veterans: cohort study", "Depleted uranium and public health: Fifty years' study of occupational exposure provides little evidence of cancer", "Depleted uranium-catalyzed oxidative DNA damage: absence of significant alpha particle decay", "Royal Society warns of risks from depleted uranium", "Gulf war syndrome: There may be no specific syndrome, but troops suffer after most wars", "Health concerns in UK Armed Forces personnel", "No strong link between depleted uranium and cancer", "Enhancement of Natural Background Gamma-radiation Dose around Uranium Micro-particles in the Human Body", The health hazards of depleted uranium munitions: Part I, The health hazards of depleted uranium munitions: Part II, "Chromosome Aberration Analysis in Peripheral Lymphocytes of Gulf War and Balkans War Veterans", "Depleted uranium exposure and health effects in Gulf War veterans", "WHO should undertake full inquiry into Gulf war illness", "In vitro immune toxicity of depleted uranium: effects on murine macrophages, CD4+ T cells, and gene expression profiles", ATSDR – Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM): Uranium Toxicity, "Depleted Uranium in Bosnia and Herzegovina – Postconflict Assessment", "Radiological Conditions in Areas of Kuwait With Residues of Depleted Uranium", "Technical Report on Capacity-building for the Assessment of Depleted Uranium in Iraq", "A Review of the Scientific Literature As It Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses", Depleted uranium (DU) normative value pilot study: levels of uranium in urine samples from the general population, A normative study of levels of uranium in the urine of personnel in the British Forces, Opinion on the environmental and health risks posed by depleted uranium, Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide), 2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate, Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator, Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future, Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Depleted_uranium&oldid=1000966194, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2015, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Elevated levels of protein excretion, urinary catalase and diuresis, Damage to Proximal convoluted tubules, necrotic cells cast from tubular epithelium, glomerular changes, Decreased performance on neurocognitive tests, Acute cholinergic toxicity; Dose-dependent accumulation in cortex, midbrain, and vermis; Electrophysiological changes in hippocampus, Increased urine mutagenicity and induction of tumors, Binucleated cells with micronuclei, Inhibition of cell cycle kinetics and proliferation; Sister chromatid induction, tumorigenic phenotype, Inhibition of periodontal bone formation; and alveolar wound healing, Uranium miners have more first born female children, Moderate to severe focal tubular atrophy; vacuolization of Leydig cells, Severe nasal congestion and hemorrhage, lung lesions and fibrosis, edema and swelling, lung cancer, Swollen vacuolated epidermal cells, damage to hair follicles and sebaceous glands, Tissues surrounding embedded DU fragments, Elevated uranium urine concentrations, perturbations in biochemical and neuropsychological testing, Chronic fatigue, rash, ear and eye infections, hair and weight loss, cough. Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and numerous other systems can be affected by uranium exposure because, in addition to being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal,[8] although less toxic than other heavy metals, such as arsenic and mercury. Download Equalizer APO for free. Storage cylinders must be regularly inspected for signs of corrosion and leaks. It is a river that flows eastward across northern Italy starting from the Cottian Alps. Soluble uranium salts are toxic. [91], Surveying the veteran-related evidence pertaining to the Gulf War, a 2001 editorial in the BMJ concluded that it was not possible to justify claims of radiation-induced lung cancer and leukaemia in veterans of that conflict. The uranyl fluoride solid acts to plug the leak, limiting further escape of depleted UF6. [114][115] In 1999, an assessment of the first 1,000 veterans involved in the Ministry of Defence's Gulf War medical assessment programme found "no evidence" of a single illness, physical or mental, that would explain the pattern of symptoms observed in the group. [28] Souvent utilisé comme synonyme de « plaine padane » ou « basse plaine ». Le Pô est parfois identifié à l'Éridan de la mythologie grecque, fleuve où Phaéton, fils d'Hélios (le Soleil) et de Clymène, fut précipité par Zeus alors qu'il conduisait – en causant nombre de dégâts ! [62] In November 2010 the Irish Senate passed a bill seeking to outlaw depleted uranium weapons,[63] but it lapsed before approval by the Dáil. A medical survey, "Cancer, Infant Mortality and Birth Sex Ratio in Fallujah, Iraq 2005–2009" published in July 2010, states that the "…increases in cancer and birth defects…are alarmingly high" and that infant mortality 2009/2010 has reached 13.6%. It is implemented as an Audio Processing Object (APO) for the system effect infrastructure introduced with Windows Vista. 25 mm DU rounds have been used in the M242 gun mounted on the U.S. Army's Bradley Fighting Vehicle and the Marine Corps's LAV-25. A 1999 literature review conducted by the Rand Corporation stated: "No evidence is documented in the literature of cancer or any other negative health effect related to the radiation received from exposure to depleted or natural uranium, whether inhaled or ingested, even at very high doses,"[158] and a RAND report authored by the U.S. Defense department undersecretary charged with evaluating DU hazards considered the debate to be more political than scientific. [27] The U.S. government has been converting depleted UF6 to solid uranium oxides for use or disposal. Uses of DU take advantage of its very high density of 19.1 g/cm3 (68.4% denser than lead). Boeing and McDonnell-Douglas discontinued using DU counterweights in the 1980s. Most military use of depleted uranium has been as 30 mm ordnance, primarily the 30 mm PGU-14/B armour-piercing incendiary round from the GAU-8 Avenger cannon of the A-10 Thunderbolt II used by the United States Air Force. [11], The actual level of acute and chronic toxicity of DU is also controversial. "[149], In 2018, Serbia set up a commission of inquiry into the consequences of the use of depleted uranium during the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in southern Serbia and its link to the rise of diseases and tumors among citizens, particularly in young children children born after 1999. Requests for a moratorium on military use, Shielding in industrial radiography cameras, Sampling calorimeters for detectors in high-energy particle physics, Contamination as a result of the Afghan War, Atmospheric contamination as a result of military actions. Depleted uranium is favored for the penetrator because it is self-sharpening[35] and flammable. [27] [160] Former NATO Secretary General Lord Robertson stated in 2001 that "the existing medical consensus is clear. [19], Depleted uranium is further produced by recycling spent nuclear fuel,[20] in which case it contains traces of neptunium and plutonium. DU projectile ordnance is often inherently incendiary because uranium is flammable.[31][32]. [38] More than 300,000 DU rounds were fired during the 2003 war, the vast majority by US troops.[37]. La Doire ripaire coule ensuite sur 125 kilomètres pour traverser la province de Turin, avant de se jeter dans le Pô. In the U.S. 560,000 tonnes of depleted UF6 had accumulated by 1993. Collection L'Arpenteur. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations at 10 CFR 40.25 establish a general license for the use of depleted uranium contained in industrial products or devices for mass-volume applications. The biochemistry of depleted uranium is the same as natural uranium. A high density tamper like DU makes for a longer-lasting, more energetic, and more efficient explosion. "[38], A 2008 review of all relevant articles appearing in the peer-reviewed journals on MEDLINE through to the end of 2007, including multiple cohort studies of veterans, found no consistent evidence of excess risks of neoplasms that could have some link to DU, and that "[t]he overall incidence of cancers is not increased in the cohort studies of Gulf war and Balkans veterans".

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