FORT IRWIN, Calif. -- Four paratroopers died and more than 100 were injured, 20 seriously,in a massive training exercise Tuesday in the Southern California desert, the . It continued training till the end of the month with simulated drops in which pathfinders guided them to drop zones. Of those, the 101st suffered 182 killed, 557 wounded, and 501 missing. was as bloody as it had been in the trenches of the World War One. The missions took off while the parachute landings were in progress and followed them by two hours, landing at about 0400, 2 hours before dawn. 156,000 troops or paratroopers came ashore on D-Day: 73,000 from the U.S., 83,000 from Great Britain and Canada. For the troop carrier aircraft this was in the form of three white and two black stripes, each two feet (60cm) wide, around the fuselage behind the exit doors and from front to back on the outer wings. The 'Market Garden' plan employed all three divisions of First Allied Airborne Army. Numerous factors played a part, most of which dealt with excessive scattering of the drops. As late as May 31 routes for the glider missions were changed to avoid overflying the peninsula in daylight. An Exhibit of the National D-Day Memorial, Bedford, VA. Medics in World War II were the front line of battlefield medicine. Just how big was Operation Overlord? Medics give a blood transfusion to an injured man on Omaha Beach during D-Day. All matriel requested by commanders in IX TCC, including armor plating, had been received with the exception of self-sealing fuel tanks, which Chief of the Army Air Forces General Henry H. Arnold had personally rejected because of limited supplies. It consisted of four serials, the first pair to arrive ten minutes after Keokuck, the second pair two hours later at sunset. 15 troops were killed and 60 wounded, either by ground fire or by accidents caused by ground fire. "I think there were about 10,000 men lost that day. These would be the first American and possibly the first Allied troops to land in the invasion. Although Woodson did not live to see this week's 75th anniversary he died in 2005 he told The Associated Press in 1994 about how his landing craft hit a mine on the way to Omaha Beach. Between 1943 and 1944, he took part in some of the navy's most intense and dangerous operations including the Arctic Convoys and the Battle of North Cape. Eisenhower wanted to divert Allied strategic bombers that had been hammering German industrial plants to instead begin bombing critical French infrastructure. On June 13, German reinforcements arrived, in the form of assault guns, tanks, and infantry of SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 37 (SS-PGR 37), 17. Despite this, German forces were unable to exploit the chaos. Each drop zone (DZ) had a serial of three C-47 aircraft assigned to locate the DZ and drop pathfinder teams, who would mark it. These D-day heroes evoked a glorious shared . After parachuting down, they. [15], D-Day casualties for the airborne divisions were calculated in August 1944 as 1,240 for the 101st Airborne Division and 1,259 for the 82nd Airborne. But they were not nervous. Operating on British Double Summer Time, both arrived and landed before dark. For the next 30 hours, he removed bullets, dispensed blood plasma, cleaned wounds, reset broken bones and at one point amputated a foot. Twenty-four minutes 57 miles (92km) out over the channel, the troop carrier stream reached a stationary marker boat code-named "Hoboken" and carrying a Eureka beacon, where they made a sharp left turn to the southeast and flew between the Channel Islands of Guernsey and Alderney. But like millions of others I did my bit. The teams assigned to mark DZ T northwest of Sainte-Mre-glise were the only ones dropped with accuracy, and while they deployed both Eureka and BUPS, they were unable to show lights because of the close proximity of German troops. On June 6, 1944, more than 150,000 brave young soldiers from the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada stormed the beaches of Normandy, France in a bold strategy to push the Nazis out of. The Germans, who had neglected to fortify Normandy, began constructing defenses and obstacles against airborne assault in the Cotentin, including specifically the planned drop zones of the 82nd Airborne Division. Approximately fifteen thousand French civilians died in the Normandy campaign, partly from Allied bombing and partly from combat actions of Allied and German ground forces. We were so afraid., At 5 pm, Marie recalls, the shooting was done. At the same time the commander of the U.S. First Army, Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, won approval of a plan to land two airborne divisions on the Cotentin Peninsula, one to seize the beach causeways and block the eastern half at Carentan from German reinforcements, the other to block the western corridor at La Haye-du-Puits in a second lift. So, for me, everybody wearing a uniform was a bad guy. By the evening of June 7 the other two battalions were assembled near Sainte Marie du Mont. By the end of May 1944, the IX Troop Carrier Command had available 1,207 Douglas C-47 Skytrain troop carrier airplanes and was one-third overstrength, creating a strong reserve. As early as 1942, Adolf Hitler knew that a large-scale Allied invasion of France could turn the tide of the war in Europe. [10] The 2nd Battalion established a blocking position on the northern approaches to Sainte-Mre-glise with a single platoon while the rest reinforced the 3rd Battalion when it was counterattacked at mid-morning. 156,000allied troops landed in Normandy, across, 7,000ships and landing craft involved and 10,000 vehicles, 4,400from the combined allied forces died on the day. Sometimes I think about it when I'm lying in bed awake. The first serial, carrying all of the 2nd Battalion and most of the 2nd Battalion 401st GIR (the 325th's "third battalion"), landed by squadrons in four different fields on each side of LZ W, one of which came down through intense fire. They will attend the 75th anniversary events in Normandy this week. Warren reported that official histories showed 9 paratroopers had refused to jump and at least 35 other uninjured paratroopers were returned to England aboard C-47s. The 4th Infantry Division had landed and moved off Utah Beach, with the 8th Infantry surrounding a German battalion on the high ground south of Sainte-Mre-glise, and the 12th and 22nd Infantry moving into line northeast of the town. The Church and square of St Mere Eglise where John Steele and his fellow paratroopers of F Company 505th PIR 82nd Airborne Division landed. Weather over the channel was clear; all serials flew their routes precisely and in tight formation as they approached their initial points on the Cotentin coast, where they turned for their respective drop zones. Then he heard his mother outside yelling, so he and his grandfather ran upstairs to follow her. The three pathfinder serials of the 82nd Airborne Division were to begin their drops as the final wave of 101st Airborne Division paratroopers landed, thirty minutes ahead of the first 82nd Airborne Division drops. Just one month after D-Day Ted met a woman named Lila while he was on leave and married her three weeks later in August 1944. Paratroopers dropping through the sky above Normandy. "But the injuries - faces, stomachs, legs off - oh God. Two supply parachute drops, mission "Freeport" for the 82nd and mission "Memphis" intended for the 101st, were dropped on June 7. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. , On D-Day, as sirens wailed over their town starting at 2 a.m., Marie retreated to the basement with his grandfather to take shelter. Paratroopers were to play a decisive part in World War Two. The legacy of D-Day resonates through history: It was the largest-ever amphibious military invasion. emergency usage of Rebecca by numerous lost aircraft, jamming the system, drop runs by some C-47s that were above or below the designated 700 feet (210m) drop altitude, or in excess of the 110 miles per hour (180km/h) drop speed, and. Ted says: "Well, you see, once you've gone to sea you've always got to be ready for action, U-boats, anything. The 325th and 505th passed through the 90th Division, which had taken Pont l'Abb (originally an 82nd objective), and drove west on the left flank of VII Corps to capture Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte on June 16. Dedicated on June 6th, 2001 by president George W. Bush, the National D-Day Memorial was constructed in honor of those who died that day, fighting in one of the most significant battles in our nations history. "I will fight for him as long as I. More than 6,330 boats carrying thousands of men readied themselves to launch the invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe. The negative impact of dropping at night was further illustrated when the same troop carrier groups flew a second lift later that day with precision and success under heavy fire.[6]. And as we approached the shoreline where the water hits the sand, and the machine guns were hitting the front of the boatit was like a typewriter,DeVita, who was barely 19 on June 6, 1944, remembers. At first no change in plans were made, but when significant German forces were moved into the Cotentin in mid-May, the drop zones of the 82nd Airborne Division were relocated, even though detailed plans had already been formulated and training had proceeded based on them. It was on this side that John Steele was . Those men are bloody marvellous. History on the Net gives the jaw-dropping raw numbers. Adolf Hitler arriving at the Berlin Sportpalast, being greeted by Nazi salutes, circa 1940. A staff officer put together a platoon and achieved another objective by seizing two foot bridges near la Porte at 04:30. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. The 508th PIR attacked across the Douve River at Beuzeville-la-Bastille on June 12 and captured Baupte the next day. Engine problems during training had resulted in a high number of aborted sorties, but all had been replaced to eliminate the problem. The Allies suffered more than 12,000 casualties on D-Day; 4,414 deaths were registered. A group of 150 troops captured the main objective, the la Barquette lock, by 04:00. Read articles and browse photos and videos of Allied forces invading Normandy on June 6, 1944. . In most cases this was successful.[4]. 2 paratroopers ended up at pointe du hoc, 12 miles from where they should have been. Detroit was disrupted by the same cloud bank that had bedevilled the paratroops and only 62 per cent landed within 2 miles (3.2km). This criticism primarily derived from anecdotal testimony in the battle-inexperienced 101st Airborne. They didn't know it yet, but The Battle of the Bulge was to . This section summarizes all ground combat in Normandy by the U.S. airborne divisions. VII Corps gave the division the task of taking Carentan. The total number of casualties that occurred during Operation Overlord, from June 6 (the date of D-Day) to August 30 (when German forces retreated across the Seine) was over 425,000 Allied and German troops. Dangerously low cloud cover forced some sticks to jump from only 300 feet. This brought the final total of IX Troop Carrier Command sorties during Operation Neptune to 2,166, with 533 of those being glider sorties. Because of the requirement for absolute radio silence and a study that warned that the thousands of Allied aircraft flying on D-Day would break down the existing system, plans were formulated to mark aircraft including gliders with black-and-white stripes to facilitate aircraft recognition. Eisenhower faced uncertainty about the operation, but D-Day was a military success, though at a huge cost of military and . But they were there, landing under brutal fire early on June 6, 1944. The first serial, bound for DZ O near Sainte-Mre-glise, flew too far north but corrected its error and dropped near its DZ. BEDFORD Frank Draper Jr. William Gray Perdue. The units for DZ N were intended to guide in the parachute resupply drop scheduled for late on D-Day, but the pair of DZ C were to provide a central orientation point for all the SCR-717 radars to get bearings. The descent was an act of trust; the attack, disorganized. The 82nd had consolidated its forces on Sainte-Mre-glise, but significant pockets of troops were isolated west of the Merderet, some of which had to hold out for several days. 71 of 196 gliders who landed east of the Orne (i.e. However the primary factor limiting success of the paratroop units was the decision to make a massive parachute drop at night, because it magnified all the errors resulting from the above factors. The 101st was then assigned to the newly arrived U.S. VIII Corps on June 15 in a defensive role before returning to England for rehabilitation. Just curious , why the number is not concrete after 77 years? You would never believe what they went through. So she called me to come and said, 'These soldiers are good, theyve come to save us. And during the land invasion, a critical fleet of marine tanks sank in stormy seas and failed to make it ashore. Because it would be unsupported by naval and corps artillery, Ridgway, commanding the 82nd Airborne Division, also wanted a glider assault to deliver his organic artillery. Brigadier General Paul L. Williams, who had commanded the troop carrier operations in Sicily and Italy, took command in February 1944. The serials took off beginning at 22:30 on June 5, assembled into formations at wing and command assembly points, and flew south to the departure point, code-named "Flatbush". The Messed Up Truth About D-Day. The three serials carrying the 506th PIR were badly dispersed by the clouds, then subjected to intense antiaircraft fire. [25] Wolfe noted that although his group had botched the delivery of some units in the night drop, it flew a second, daylight mission on D-Day and performed flawlessly although under heavy ground fire from alerted Germans. Of the six serials which achieved concentrated drops, none flew through the clouds. Four others had been in existence less than nine months and arrived in the United Kingdom one month after training began. The British and Canadians put 75,215 British and Canadian troops ashore. The 501st PIR's serial also encountered severe flak but still made an accurate jump on Drop Zone D. Part of the DZ was covered by pre-registered German fire that inflicted heavy casualties before many troops could get out of their chutes. Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory, commander of the Allied Expeditionary Air Force, approved the use of the recognition markings on May 17. Answer (1 of 3): You need to define what "went missing" means. Abigail Jenks, 20, died after jumping from a helicopter during an exercise on April 19. To achieve surprise, the parachute drops were routed to approach Normandy at low altitude from the west. Jun 6, 2016. Allied forces faced rough weather and fierce German gunfire as they stormed Normandys coast. The 82nd Airborne continued its march towards La Haye-du-Puits, and made its final attack against Hill 122 (Mont Castre) on July 3 in a driving rainstorm. By Jeff Somers / June 7, 2021 11:46 pm EST. Major General J. Lawton Collins, commanding the VII Corps, however, wanted the drops made west of the Merderet to seize a bridgehead. Around 13,100 American paratroopers of the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions made night parachute drops early on D-Day, June 6, followed by 3,937 glider troops flown in by day. With the 24 killed in the air D Day eve, 82d Airborne's parachute element suffered a total 544 killed those first twenty-four hours. History. The actual size, objectives, and details of the plan were not drawn up until after General Dwight D. Eisenhower became Supreme Allied Commander in January 1944. As late as 2003 a prominent history (Airborne: A Combat History of American Airborne Forces by retired Lieutenant General E.M. Flanagan) repeated these and other assertions, all of it laying failures in Normandy at the feet of the pilots.[3]. "The water was a bit choppy, which made no difference to us, but if you're in a flat bottom boat and its a bit choppy you can really feel it. "They did what they could for them, but they were too far gone - they were mostly dead before they got them in the sick bay. Their frustration with his failure to follow through on what they stated were promises to correct the record, particularly to the accusations of general cowardice and incompetence among the pilots, led them to detailed public rejoinders when the errors continued to be widely asserted, including in a History Channel broadcast April 8, 2001. Normal parameters for dropping paratroopers were six hundred feet of altitude at ninety miles per hour airspeed. D-day - British Forces during the Invasion of Normandy 6 June 1944. On D-Day its third battalion, the 1st Battalion 401st GIR, landed just after noon and bivouacked near the beach. That day 75 years ago launched the major turning point in World War II. Immediately after the war ended Ted continued his military service as a minesweeper, working off the coast of Scotland. Steele indeed landed on the church's steeple and pretended to be dead to avoid being shot . Criticism from veterans of the 82nd Airborne was not only rare, its commanders Ridgway and Gavin both officially commended the troop carrier groups, as did Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Vandervoort and even one prominent 101st veteran, Captain Frank Lillyman, commander of its pathfinders. Nearly all of both battalions joined the 82nd Airborne by morning, and 15 guns were in operation on June 8.[12]. Paratroopers developed an elite image on both sides during World War Two. D-Day veteran Frank DeVita says hell never forget how tough it was to be the man in charge of dropping the ramp as his landing craft approached Omaha Beach. Marshalls original data came from after-action interviews with paratroopers after their return to England in July 1944, which was also the basis of all U.S. Army histories on the campaign written after the war, and which he later incorporated in his own commercial book. The use of gliders was planned until April 18, when tests under realistic conditions resulted in excessive accidents and destruction of many gliders. [2] Of the 517 gliders, 222 were Horsa gliders, most of which were destroyed in landing accidents or by German fire after landing. The assault lift (one air transport operation) was divided into two missions, "Albany" and "Boston", each with three regiment-sized landings on a drop zone. The most important thing for any human being is freedom, he says. The Allied forces under the command of American General Dwight D. Eisenhower planned and executed a direct assault on what had come to be known as " Fortress . One had experience only as a transport (cargo carrying) group and the last had been recently formed. The Normandy Invasion consisted of 5,333 Allied ships and landing craft embarking nearly 175,000 men. Many combat troops were misplaced amongst different units, and wounded personnel were moved quickly with a proper medical priority causing disregard for counting. In addition, the Germans' defensive flooding, in the early stages, also helped to protect the Americans' southern flank. Sainte Mere Eglise became known to the world after the film The Longest Day because of the paratrooper John Steele of the 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment. I think so. U.S. Army infantry men are amongst the first to attack the German defenses on Omaha Beach. D-Days hard-fought battles not only led to the beginning of the end of the war, the men who fought in the invasion forever changed peoples livesand influenced the perception of the soldieras saviorfor at least one young boy. More than 70 percent of missing were eventually reported as captured. He says: "When we got near the coast we could see all the activity and we just went in and anchored up and as soon as we got there, more or less, we opened fire.". Ray Stevens. Facing this opposition, Eisenhower threatened to step down from his position. For the 82nd, the total was 156 killed, 347 wounded, and 756 missing. The paratroopers were divided into sticks, a plane load of troops numbering 15-18 men. It's not known exactly how . Once over water, all lights except formation lights were turned off, and these were reduced to their lowest practical intensity. This figure includes over 209,000 Allied casualties: But the numbers alone dont tell the full story of the battle that raged in Normandy on June 6th, 1944. Even this is not the complete figure for Canadians killed in the D-Day battle. In December 1941, British and American war leaders met and agreed that the defeat of Nazi Germany was their first priority and that the best way to achieve this was by an invasion of France, using Britain as a launch-pad. The after-action report of U.S. VII Corps (ending 1 July) showed 22,119 casualties including 2,811 killed, 5,665 missing, 79 prisoners, and 13,564 wounded, including paratroopers. Half the regiment dropped east of the Merderet, where it was useless to its original mission. "And then they would be taken out to the boat. 101st units maneuvered on June 8 to envelop Saint-Cme-du-Mont, pushing back FJR6, and consolidated its lines on June 9. The total DZ and LZ represented an area of 39 square kilometers. 30 Apr 2020. The paratroopers were divided into sticks, a plane load of troops numbering 15-18 men. Paratroopers of the U.S. 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions, the British 6th Airborne Division, the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, and other attached Allied units took part in the assault.. However, the bridge at Troarn remained a strategic issue, as it carried a major road. They managed to set up a Eureka beacon just before the assault force arrived but were forced to use a hand held signal light which was not seen by some pilots. The ship came under occasional fire from German artillery and dive-bombers but managed to battle on unscathed as it continued to hit German positions. Divisions of the Allied forces for Operation Overlord(the assault forces on 6 June involved two U.S., two British, and one Canadian division.). More than 150,000 soldiers landed at Normandy on D-Day, and around 4,400 allied soldiers are believed to have died on D-Day, along with thousands of French civilians. Gavins commendation said in part: The accomplishments of the parachute regiments are due to the conscientious and efficient tasks of delivery performed by your pilots and crews. The drop zone was chosen after the 501st PIR's change of mission on May 27 and was in an area identified by the Germans as a likely landing area. "The. Joint training with airborne troops and an emphasis on night formation flying began at the start of March. D-Day, June 6, 1944, was part of the larger Operation Overlord and the first stages of the Battle of Normandy, France (also referred to as the Invasion of Normandy) during World War II. We put them on the stretcher. In coming to that conclusion he did not interview any aircrew nor qualify his opinion to that extent, nor did he acknowledge that British airborne operations on the same night succeeded despite also being widely scattered. Many continued to roam and fight behind enemy lines for up to 5 days. events, and resources, D-Day Casualties: Operation Overlord by the Numbers. 60 infantry divisions in France and ten panzer divisions, possessing 1,552 tanks,In Normandy itself the Germans had deployed eighty thousand troops, but only one panzer division. But some sources report 197 Allied deaths out of as many as 23,000 troops that landed by sea at Utah Beach. [14], Forty-two C-47s were destroyed in two days of operations, although in many cases the crews survived and were returned to Allied control. The largest amphibious invasion in history began on the night of June 5-6, with the roar of C-47 engines preparing to take off , and climaxed on the beaches of Normandy. I figured in my mind when I drop that damn ramp, the bullets that are hitting the ramp are going to come into the boat. Close to 2,500 American soldiers died on D-Day, the most of any Allied nation. Many paratroopers landed in flooded rivers and marshes and even in the sea. Of the 16714 deaths for allied forces, how many were Americans? VideoRussian minister laughed at for Ukraine war claims, The children left behind in Cuba's mass exodus, Snow, Fire and Lights: Photos of the Week. The inspectors, however, made their judgments without factoring that most of the successful missions had been flown in clear weather. On December 16, 1944, Hitler launched a massive offensive into the Ardennes woods of Belgium, which caught allied forces by surprise. Those of the 82nd were west (T and O, from west to east) and southwest (Drop Zone N) of Sainte-Mre-Eglise. But without the money and manpower to install a continuous line of defense, the Nazis focused on established ports. Plans for the invasion of Normandy went through several preliminary phases throughout 1943, during which the Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS) allocated 13 U.S. troop carrier groups to an undefined airborne assault. However the units were damaged in the drop and provided no assistance. The Normandy landings were the landing operations and associated airborne operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. A total of 8 000 British and 16 000 US paras were dropped uring the night by gliders and planes. Though Woodson died in 2005, his family has been pushing the Army to award him a Medal of Honor posthumously. All of these operations came in over Utah Beach but were nonetheless disrupted by small arms fire when they overflew German positions, and virtually none of the 101st's supplies reached the division. I could not understand that. The division's parachute artillery experienced one of the worst drops of the operation, losing all but one howitzer and most of its troops as casualties. I dropped the ramp, he said. After 24 hours, only 2,500 of the 6,000 men in 101st were under the control of division headquarters. The C-47s carrying the 505th did not experience the difficulties that had plagued the 101st's drops. Whats more, if Hitler had listened to his Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, matters might have been worse for the Allies landing at Normandy. As one of the larger warships present on D-Day, HMS Belfast also had a fully equipped sick bay staffed by surgeons and took hundreds of casualties on board during the first day of fighting. [23] The TCC personnel also pointed out that anxiety at being new to combat was not confined to USAAF crews. But others, including Churchill and Arthur Bomber Harris, head of the Royal Air Forces strategic bomber command, didnt see it that way. The U.S. Army does not designate the point in time in which the airborne assault ended and the divisions that fought it conducted a conventional infantry campaign. But Woodson, a medic with the lone African-American combat unit to fight on D-Day, managed to set up a medical aid station. The 506th PIR passed through the exhausted 502nd and attacked into Carentan on June 12, defeating the rear guard left by the German withdrawal. Despite tough odds and high casualties, Allied forces ultimately won the battle and helped turn the tide of World War II toward victory against Hitlers forces. After destroying the German defence batteries, the crew was tasked with clearing the beach and bringing wounded soldiers back to the ship to receive medical treatment. But they also know that list isnt complete and the project to count the dead continues. Estimates of drowning casualties vary from "a few"[8] to "scores"[9] (against an overall D-Day loss in the division of 156 killed in action), but much equipment was lost and the troops had difficulty assembling. See answers (2) Copy. The 2nd Battalion landed almost intact on DZ D but in a day-long battle failed to take Saint-Cme-du-Mont and destroy the highway bridges over the Douve. And we stayed there 15 hours. The move worked, the bombing plan went ahead and, historians argue, Eisenhower showed the depth of his dedication to making D-Day a successful operation and defeating the Nazis. Returning from an unfamiliar direction, they dropped 10 minutes late and 1 mile (1.6km) off target. [7] The 507th PIR's pathfinders landed on DZ T, but because of Germans nearby, marker lights could not be turned on. In the American army, a battalion of some 400 to 500 men typically would have about thirty medics or aidmen; although sometimes attrition made that number much smaller. The estimated battle casualties for Germany included 30,000 killed, 80,000 wounded, and 210,000 missing. On the night before the amphibious landings, more than 23,000 US, British, and Canadian paratroopers landed in France behind the German defensive lines by parachute and glider. The 50th TCW did not begin training until April 3 and progressed more slowly, then was hampered when the troops ceased jumping. On May 27 the drop zones were relocated 10 miles (16km) east of Le Haye-du-Puits along both sides of the Merderet. Days before the invasion, General Dwight D. Eisenhower was told by a top strategist that paratrooper casualties alone could be as high as 75 percent. Our database is searchable by subject and updated continuously. World War II's Death Ride of the Paratroopers: Operation Market-Garden It is hard to imagine any nation today that would willingly drop 35,000 soldiers 60 miles behind enemy lines, in the hopes. The last glider serial of 50 Wacos, hauling service troops, 81mm mortars, and one company of the 401st, made a perfect group release and landed at LZ W with high accuracy and virtually no casualties. Speaking to the BBC from his home in Oxford, Ted, now 95, vividly remembers the events of that day 75 years ago and says the horrific things he witnessed will stay with him forever. June 6, 1944better known as "D-Day"was the largest amphibious military operation in history.
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